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A fotográfia hajnala – Amerika legelső fényképeiből nyílt kiállítás a MET-ben

25 • 06 • 28Szabó Liliom

1839 sorsfordító időszak volt mind a művészetben, mind az amerikai történelemben. Ekkor mutatták be a kontinensen a dagerrotípiát a szélesebb közönségnek, ezzel pedig párhuzamosan kezdetét vette a vizuális alapú társadalom, valamint annak a nemzeti önérzetnek a kialakulása, amelyet a fénykép mint kulturális, kereskedelmi és művészeti foglalatosság fenomenális sikere vezérelt. A Metropolitan Museum of Art kiállítása ezt az izgalmas, kísérletezésekkel teli időszakot járja körül amerikai fotográfusok felvételeinek segítségével. A tárlat több mint 250 korai fényképet vonultat fel a múzeum William L. Schaeffer-gyűjteményéből, és amely 2025. július 20-ig látogatható.

Az áprilisban nyílt The New Art: American Photography című tárlat az 1839 és 1910 közötti időszakot öleli fel Jennifer és Philip Maritz adományának köszönhetően. A házaspár mintegy 700 ritka felvételt ajándékozott 2020-ban a MET-nek az intézmény 150. születésnapja alkalmából. A gyűjtemény olyan fotográfiákat tartalmaz, amelyek eddig soha nem látott módon örökítették meg az Egyesült Államokban történt változásokat a 19. században.

1839 decemberében mutatták be az első dagerrotípiákat egy kiállítás keretében New Yorkban, az emberek pedig először nem tudták értelmezni a tükörképhez hasonlatos, sötét, mágikusan realisztikus felvételeket. Egy, a kiállításra látogató újságíró így írt 1840 januárjában a látottakról:

„Nem találunk szavakat arra, hogy kifejezzük ezeknek a halhatatlan kezek által festett képeknek a varázsát.”
Fotó: Unknown Maker Young Man with Rooster 1850s Daguerreotype with applied color Case (open): 3 5/8 × 6 1/4 in. (9.2 × 15.9 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Young Man with Rooster 1850s
Daguerreotype with applied color Case (open): 3 5/8 × 6 1/4 in. (9.2 × 15.9 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Anna K. Weaver (American, 1847/48–1913) Welcome 1874 Albumen silver print from glass negative 10 7/8 x 17 1/2 in. (27.8 x 44.5 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Anna K. Weaver (American, 1847/48–1913) Welcome 1874
Albumen silver print from glass negative 10 7/8 x 17 1/2 in. (27.8 x 44.5 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Musician 1870s Tintype, with lock of hair and cut paper Case (open): 2 × 3 1/2 in. (5.1 × 8.9 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Musician 1870s
Tintype, with lock of hair and cut paper Case (open): 2 × 3 1/2 in. (5.1 × 8.9 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Albert Cone Townsend (American, 1827–1914) A Politician 1865–1867 Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 4 × 2 7/16 in. (10.1 × 6.2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Albert Cone Townsend (American, 1827–1914) A Politician 1865–1867
Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 4 × 2 7/16 in. (10.1 × 6.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Golder & Robinson (American, active 1870s) Comic Novelty Portrait 1870s Tintype with applied color 4 × 2 7/16 in. (10.1 × 6.2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Golder & Robinson (American, active 1870s) Comic Novelty Portrait 1870s
Tintype with applied color 4 × 2 7/16 in. (10.1 × 6.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Woman Wearing a Tignon ca. 1850 Daguerreotype with applied color Case (open): 3 1/8 × 7 1/4 in. (8 × 18.4 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Woman Wearing a Tignon ca. 1850
Daguerreotype with applied color Case (open): 3 1/8 × 7 1/4 in. (8 × 18.4 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Chauncey L. Moore (American, died 1895) Young Man Laying on Roof 1880s–90s Albumen silver print Mount: 4 1/4 × 6 1/2 in. (10.8 × 16.5 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Chauncey L. Moore (American, died 1895) Young Man Laying on Roof 1880s–90s
Albumen silver print Mount: 4 1/4 × 6 1/2 in. (10.8 × 16.5 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Josiah Johnson Hawes (American, 1808–1901) Winter on the Common, Boston early 1850s Salted paper print from glass negative 7 5/16 × 9 5/16 in. (18.5 × 23.7 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Josiah Johnson Hawes (American, 1808–1901) Winter on the Common, Boston early 1850s
Salted paper print from glass negative 7 5/16 × 9 5/16 in. (18.5 × 23.7 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Laundress with Washtub 1860s Ambrotype with applied color Case: 4 1/8 x 3 1/4 in. (4.2 x 3.2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Laundress with Washtub 1860s
Ambrotype with applied color Case: 4 1/8 x 3 1/4 in. (4.2 x 3.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Roller Skate and Boot 1860s Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 4 1/8 × 2 7/16 in. (10.5 × 6.2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Roller Skate and Boot 1860s
Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 4 1/8 × 2 7/16 in. (10.5 × 6.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Published by E. & H. T. Anthony (American, 1862–1880s) Specimens of New York Bill Posting, No. 897 from the series "Anthony's Stereoscopic Views" 1863 Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 3 1/4 × 6 3/4 in. (8.3 × 17.1 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Published by E. & H. T. Anthony (American, 1862–1880s) Specimens of New York Bill Posting, No. 897 from the series "Anthony's Stereoscopic Views" 1863
Albumen silver print from glass negative Mount: 3 1/4 × 6 3/4 in. (8.3 × 17.1 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Railroad Worker (?) with Wye Level ca. 1870 Tintype with applied color Case (open): 6 5/16 × 10 3/8 in. (16 × 26.4 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Railroad Worker (?) with Wye Level ca. 1870
Tintype with applied color Case (open): 6 5/16 × 10 3/8 in. (16 × 26.4 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Alice Austen (American, 1866–1952) Group on Petria, Lake Mahopac August 9, 1888 Albumen silver print from glass negative 6 × 8 1/8 in. (15.2 × 20.7 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Alice Austen (American, 1866–1952) Group on Petria, Lake Mahopac August 9, 1888
Albumen silver print from glass negative 6 × 8 1/8 in. (15.2 × 20.7 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Studio Photographer at Work ca. 1855 Salted paper print from glass negative 5 1/8 × 3 13/16 in. (13 × 9.7 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker Studio Photographer at Work ca. 1855
Salted paper print from glass negative 5 1/8 × 3 13/16 in. (13 × 9.7 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker Actor Playing Hamlet, Holding a Skull 1860s Tintype with applied color Case: 6 1/4 × 4 15/16 in. (15.8 × 12.6 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

0103

Fotó: Unknown Maker Actor Playing Hamlet, Holding a Skull 1860s
Tintype with applied color Case: 6 1/4 × 4 15/16 in. (15.8 × 12.6 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Unknown Maker 748. Schoolmaster Hill Tobogganing, Franklin Park, Roxbury, Massachusetts 1905 Cyanotype 7 × 9 1/4 in. (17.8 × 23.5 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Unknown Maker 748. Schoolmaster Hill Tobogganing, Franklin Park, Roxbury, Massachusetts 1905
Cyanotype 7 × 9 1/4 in. (17.8 × 23.5 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum's 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Carleton E. Watkins (American, 1829–1916) View on the Columbia River, from the O.R.R., Cascades, 1286 from the series “Pacific Coast” 1867 Albumen silver prints from glass negatives Mount: 3 1/4 × 6 3/4 in. (8.2 × 17.1 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Carleton E. Watkins (American, 1829–1916) View on the Columbia River, from the O.R.R., Cascades, 1286 from the series “Pacific Coast” 1867
Albumen silver prints from glass negatives Mount: 3 1/4 × 6 3/4 in. (8.2 × 17.1 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

Fotó: Wenderoth, Taylor & Brown (American, active 1864–1871) The Gallery of Arts & Manufacturers of Philadelphia 1871 Albumen silver prints from glass negative Open: 13 ¾ x 19 in. (34.9 x 48.3 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

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Fotó: Wenderoth, Taylor & Brown (American, active 1864–1871) The Gallery of Arts & Manufacturers of Philadelphia 1871
Albumen silver prints from glass negative Open: 13 ¾ x 19 in. (34.9 x 48.3 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, William L. Schaeffer Collection, Promised Gift of Jennifer and Philip Maritz, in celebration of the Museum’s 150th Anniversary

A fénykép megjelenésével kérdések merültek fel a civilekben, művészekben, tudósokban egyaránt. A korai időszak a fotográfiában főként a kísérletezés terepe volt, a társadalom igyekezett bekategorizálni ezt az új, különleges médiumot, és felfedezni a benne rejlő potenciált. A kiállítás nem a kezdeti esztétikai útkeresés, hanem a technikai sokszínűség alapján bontja külön szekciókra a kiállított felvételeket, így nemcsak híres fotográfusok – mint Carleton E. Watkins – ikonikus képeit mutatja be, hanem kevésbé ismert vagy névtelen alkotók munkáit is, akik az Egyesült Államok különböző részein dolgoztak. A 19. századi technikai sokszínűséget dagerrotípiák, ambrotípiák, sópapír- és albuminnyomatok, valamint sztereó- és kabinetképek képviselik, közülük sok most először látható kiállításon, ahol egy válogatás látható 19. századi kamerákból is, amelyek segítenek még közelebb hozni a fotográfiai folyamatokat a látogatókhoz.

Jegyzetek

The New Art: American Photography, 1839–1910
The Metropolitan Museum
2025. április 11. – július 20.

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